It was probably indicated that the skin tissue was damaged and could not be restored. The result also showed that the intensity of the characteristic peak at 1658 cm(-1) of the skin tissue irradiated by millimeter wave with the duration of 20 s decreased. It was considered that the protein in the skin was destroyed. Those results were consistent with Immunocytochemical localisation of collagens (I-V) in the human iris.In this study we investigated the distribution of collagen types I-V in the human iris at the fine-structural level using cryoultramicrotomy and London Resin White plastic embedding. Collagen type I was shown to be present in the basement membrane of iris vessels, in contrast to type III, which was absent; both types I and III were present in the iris stroma. Collagen type IV was a major component of basement membranes of vascular cells, myoepithelial cells, fibroblasts and epithelial cells. Types II and V were absent. Both cryo and plastic embedding techniques produced closely comparable results.Biochemical markers, extracellular components in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are common sequelae to diverse liver injuries in the tropics or Nigeria. The development of hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis is due to increased synthesis, deposition, and possibly reduced degradation of hepatic extracellular matrix components, especially collagens, such as interstitial type I and III, basement membrane type IV, microfibrillar type VI, and pericellular type V, non-collagenous proteins, such as laminin, fibronectin, undulin, etc., and various types of proteoglycans, such as hyaluronan, etc. In Nigeria, the common approach for diagnosing or assessing the activity of connective tissue in this organ is the histological examination of a biopsy, if one is performed by a specialist physician. The liver biopsy provides a static picture of the changes that have already taken place in the liver. Another possible method is (where the facilities are available) a quantitative assessment of the liver biopsy by biochemical determination of total collagen via hydroxyproline. Biopsy is an invasive method and cannot be repeated often enough in the bid to ensuring an intensive follow-up of the changes taking place during the course of antifibrotic treatment or therapy. Thus, serum or other biological fluid assays for connective tissue proteins, such as the aminoterminal propeptide of type III Procollagen PIIINP, or the dimeric carboxyterminal domain of type IV collagen known as NCl or PIVCP, laminin, and others are essentially non-invasive and can be carried out repeatedly. In addition, the measurement of certain enzymes of connective tissue proteins in serum may the reflect activity of liver fibrogenesis. They offer the potential for diagnosis and therapeutic control. However, it is very important to note that circulating biochemical markers of fibrogenesis, fibrolysis or both may not reflect hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis, since they are not liver-specific. Thus, the best diagnostic approach would be the identification and measurement in serum of the driving force of fibrogenic Effect of the menopause and hormone replacement therapy on the carboxy-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen.We investigated the effect of the menopause and postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the serum concentration of carboxy-terminal pyridinoline cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), a potential new biochemical marker of bone resorption. A group of 44 healthy postmenopausal women, aged 45-54 years, had about 19% higher serum ICTP than did a group of 42 healthy premenopausal women aged 35-50 years (3 +/- 0 micrograms/l v 3 +/- 0 micrograms/l (mean +/- SD); p < 01), although there was a large overlap in the values. The 44 postmenopausal women also participated in a longitudinal clinical study, in which 20 received HRT and 24 received a placebo. Compared with the placebo group, those who received HRT had a significant (p < 05) decrease in ICTP of about 12% at the end of 1 year of treatment, but again there was considerable overlap in the values. The menopause- and HRT-induced changes in ICTP were less than those seen in serum osteocalcin, serum total alkaline phosphatase, and fasting urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, calcium, pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline. Snag it now conclude that the menopause increases and HRT decreases ICTP, although these changes are less pronounced than those seen in other biochemical markers of bone turnover.Interaction of von Willebrand factor domains with collagen investigated by von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a huge multimeric protein that plays a key role in primary hemostasis. Sites for collagen binding, an initial event of hemostasis, are located in the VWF-domains A1 and A3. In this study, we investigated single molecule interactions between collagen surfaces and wild type VWF A1A2A3 domain constructs, as well as clinically relevant VWF A3 domain point mutations, such as p.Ser1731Thr, p.Gln1734His, and p.His1786Arg. For Specialty medication , we utilized atomic force microscopy based single molecular force spectroscopy. The p.Ser1731Thr mutant had no impact on the VWF-collagen type III and VI interactions, while the p.Gln1734His and p.His1786Arg mutants showed a slight increase in bond stability to collagen type III.
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